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Housing Unpacked
Author

Max Benedict

Founder and Editor, Housing Unpacked

Real estate developer

Max Benedict is an active multifamily real estate developer based in Michigan. He has taken apartment projects through entitlement, financing, construction and lease-up, and he writes from the perspective of someone who has had to make the numbers work before anything could be built.

He founded Housing Unpacked because most conversations about housing affordability focus on outcomes and blame rather than on the inputs that produce a rent number. The pro forma that decides whether a building gets built is rarely shown to the public. Housing Unpacked exists to show it, line by line, and to make the tradeoffs behind each line visible.

His articles state their assumptions, show their arithmetic and label modeled figures as modeled. Where a conclusion depends on a judgment call, he says so. Readers who disagree with an assumption are invited to change it; most quantitative pieces include the inputs needed to do exactly that, and the Methodology page explains the shared model behind them.

Disclosure

Max Benedict is a principal of a real estate development company and has participated in multifamily development projects subject to the regulations, financing structures and market forces discussed on Housing Unpacked. He writes in a personal capacity. See our Conflicts & Disclosures page.

16 articles

Articles by Max Benedict

  1. Housing 101

    How Supply and Demand Affect Rent

    The rent on an existing apartment is set by the market, not by what it cost to build. New construction is the link between cost and market rent. This lesson explains how that link works and why it matters.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  2. Housing 101

    How Government Affects Housing Economics

    Zoning, codes, approval timelines, fees, taxes, wage rules and subsidies all reach into the pro forma. This lesson maps which lever moves which line, so the tradeoff behind each rule can be judged.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  3. Housing 101

    Why Investors Require Returns

    The owners of a new building put in the money that absorbs losses first. This lesson explains why that money has a price, how the price is measured, and what happens to construction when it is not paid.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  4. Housing 101

    How Apartment Financing Works

    Most of the money in an apartment building is borrowed. This lesson explains the construction loan, the permanent loan, how lenders size them, and how the mortgage constant turns debt into rent.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  5. Housing 101

    What Determines Rent?

    Two different questions: what rent a landlord can charge (set by the market) and what rent a new building needs (set by cost). Where market rent falls short of required rent, nothing gets built.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  6. Housing 101

    How Developers Determine Whether a Project Works

    Revenue, vacancy, operating expenses, net operating income, yield on cost, cap rate, DSCR, cash-on-cash. The pro forma decides whether a building gets built. If the math does not close, nobody builds.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  7. Housing 101

    Who Pays for Development?

    Lenders and investors front the cost of a new building in layers, each with its own risk and return. Renters repay them through rent, and sometimes the public covers part of the cost through subsidies.

    Sep 15, 20266 min read

  8. Housing 101

    How Housing Gets Built

    Land control, due diligence, entitlements, permits, financing, construction, lease-up. Each stage of building housing has costs and risks, and each month between stages adds to the rent the finished building must earn.

    Sep 15, 20267 min read

  9. Construction Costs

    Why Can't Developers Just Build Cheaper Apartments?

    Cheaper cabinets and counters move the required rent of a new apartment by about $34 a month. Land, parking, building type, fees, time and interest rates move it far more. Here is the scale of each lever.

    Sep 15, 202618 min read

  10. Interest Rates

    What Happens When Interest Rates Rise 1%

    A one-point rise in the loan rate adds about $93 a month to the rent our illustrative 120-unit project requires, before investors and construction lenders reprice. We show the arithmetic and the second-order effects.

    Sep 15, 202611 min read

  11. Regulation

    What Does a Year of Development Delay Cost?

    Nothing about the building changes when construction start slips a year. The land loan, the taxes, the consultants and the contractor's price keep moving. We add it up and convert it into rent.

    Sep 15, 202616 min read

  12. Development

    Does Developer Profit Make Housing Unaffordable?

    Is rent high because developers take too much? We trace every dollar of "developer profit" in a $30,000,000 apartment building and find the fee explains $68 of a $2,415 rent, while the cost of capital explains far more.

    Sep 15, 202616 min read

  13. Public Finance

    Could Government Finance Housing More Cheaply?

    Tax-exempt bonds, public land, patient equity, revolving loans, grants and tax abatements each lower required rent on a modeled 120-unit building. Each also has a payer. Here is what every model is worth per month.

    Sep 15, 202617 min read

  14. Parking

    What a Parking Space Adds to Rent

    Surface, tuck-under, structured or underground: each kind of parking space has a construction cost, and each dollar of it must be recovered in rent. We work through what a parking requirement adds to a 120-unit project.

    Sep 15, 202611 min read

  15. The Housing Breakdown

    Why a New Apartment Costs $2,000 a Month

    A complete, reproducible pro forma for an illustrative 120-unit garden apartment project. Land, construction, financing, taxes, operations and returns, converted into the $1,996 monthly rent the building needs.

    Sep 15, 202616 min read

  16. Affordability

    Why Housing Costs What It Costs

    Housing affordability is usually argued as a question of blame. It is better understood as arithmetic: land, construction, money, rules, operations and returns, added up and divided by units.

    Sep 15, 202615 min read